书籍来源：房荔枝 梁丽丽《pytest框架与自动化测试应用》
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附上汇总贴：pytest框架进阶自学系列 | 汇总_热爱编程的通信人的博客-CSDN博客
pytest是一个基于Python的框架，需要安装在Python上，所以我们首先需要验证Python是否成功安装，然后安装pytest。我们的编码是在Python的集成开发环境PyCharm上进行。
Python的环境验证
Python的命令在Windows和Mac系统中的命令基本一致，如有不同，则会分别说明。
在Windows系统的cmd中执行结果如下：
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> python --version
Python 3.7.7
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> 安装pytest
接下来开始安装pytest，我们可以安装任何版本的pytest，在本书中pytest 5.4.1是我们要安装的版本。
安装显示过程如下：
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest == 5.4.1
ERROR: Invalid requirement: '=='
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest = 5.4.1
ERROR: Invalid requirement: '='
Hint: = is not a valid operator. Did you mean == ?
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip install pytest==5.4.1
Collecting pytest==5.4.1
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/e2/c19c667f42f72716a7d03e8dd4d6f63f47d39feadd44cc1ee7ca3089862c/pytest-5.4.1-py3-none-any.whl (246kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 256kB 409kB/s
Collecting more-itertools>=4.0.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/85/01/e2678ee4e0d7eed4fd6be9e5b043fff9d22d245d06c8c91def8ced664189/more_itertools-9.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (54kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 61kB 2.0MB/s
Collecting colorama; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/d1/d6/3965ed04c63042e047cb6a3e6ed1a63a35087b6a609aa3a15ed8ac56c221/colorama-0.4.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8" (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ff/94/64287b38c7de4c90683630338cf28f129decbba0a44f0c6db35a873c73c4/importlib_metadata-6.7.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting attrs>=17.4.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f0/eb/fcb708c7bf5056045e9e98f62b93bd7467eb718b0202e7698eb11d66416c/attrs-23.1.0-py3-none-any.whl (61kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 61kB 3.8MB/s
Collecting atomicwrites>=1.0; sys_platform == "win32" (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/87/c6/53da25344e3e3a9c01095a89f16dbcda021c609ddb42dd6d7c0528236fb2/atomicwrites-1.4.1.tar.gz
Collecting wcwidth (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/20/f4/c0584a25144ce20bfcf1aecd041768b8c762c1eb0aa77502a3f0baa83f11/wcwidth-0.2.6-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting py>=1.5.0 (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/f6/f0/10642828a8dfb741e5f3fbaac830550a518a775c7fff6f04a007259b0548/py-1.11.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (98kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 102kB 3.2MB/s
Collecting packaging (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/c3/57f0601a2d4fe15de7a553c00adbc901425661bf048f2a22dfc500caf121/packaging-23.1-py3-none-any.whl (48kB)
|████████████████████████████████| 51kB 3.4MB/s
Collecting pluggy<1.0,>=0.12 (from pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a0/28/85c7aa31b80d150b772fbe4a229487bc6644da9ccb7e427dd8cc60cb8a62/pluggy-0.13.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Collecting zipp>=0.5 (from importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5b/fa/c9e82bbe1af6266adf08afb563905eb87cab83fde00a0a08963510621047/zipp-3.15.0-py3-none-any.whl
Collecting typing-extensions>=3.6.4; python_version < "3.8" (from importlib-metadata>=0.12; python_version < "3.8"->pytest==5.4.1)
Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ec/6b/63cc3df74987c36fe26157ee12e09e8f9db4de771e0f3404263117e75b95/typing_extensions-4.7.1-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: more-itertools, colorama, zipp, typing-extensions, importlib-metadata, attrs, atomicwrites, wcwidth, py, packaging, pluggy, pytest
Running setup.py install for atomicwrites ... done
Successfully installed atomicwrites-1.4.1 attrs-23.1.0 colorama-0.4.6 importlib-metadata-6.7.0 more-itertools-9.1.0 packaging-23.1 pluggy-0.13.1 py-1.11.0 pytest-5.4.1 typing-extensions-4.7.1 wcwidth-0.2.6 zipp-3.15.0
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.2.3, however version 23.1.2 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning>
帮助显示如下。
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pytest -h
usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] [...]
positional arguments:
file_or_dir
general:
-k EXPRESSION only run tests which match the given substring expression. An expression is a python evaluatable expression where all names are substring-matched against test names and their parent classes. Example: -k
'test_method or test_other' matches all test functions and classes whose name contains 'test_method' or 'test_other', while -k 'not test_method' matches those that don't contain 'test_method' in their names.
-k 'not test_method and not test_other' will eliminate the matches. Additionally keywords are matched to classes and functions containing extra names in their 'extra_keyword_matches' set, as well as functions
which have names assigned directly to them. The matching is case-insensitive.
-m MARKEXPR only run tests matching given mark expression. example: -m 'mark1 and not mark2'.
--markers show markers (builtin, plugin and per-project ones).
-x, --exitfirst exit instantly on first error or failed test.
--maxfail=num exit after first num failures or errors.
--strict-markers, --strict
markers not registered in the `markers` section of the configuration file raise errors.
-c file load configuration from `file` instead of trying to locate one of the implicit configuration files.
--continue-on-collection-errors
Force test execution even if collection errors occur.
--rootdir=ROOTDIR Define root directory for tests. Can be relative path: 'root_dir', './root_dir', 'root_dir/another_dir/'; absolute path: '/home/user/root_dir'; path with variables: '$HOME/root_dir'.
--fixtures, --funcargs
show available fixtures, sorted by plugin appearance (fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with '-v')
--fixtures-per-test show fixtures per test
--import-mode={prepend,append}
prepend/append to sys.path when importing test modules, default is to prepend.
--pdb start the interactive Python debugger on errors or KeyboardInterrupt.
--pdbcls=modulename:classname
start a custom interactive Python debugger on errors. For example: --pdbcls=IPython.terminal.debugger:TerminalPdb
--trace Immediately break when running each test.
--capture=method per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no|tee-sys.
-s shortcut for --capture=no.
--runxfail report the results of xfail tests as if they were not marked
--lf, --last-failed rerun only the tests that failed at the last run (or all if none failed)
--ff, --failed-first run all tests but run the last failures first. This may re-order tests and thus lead to repeated fixture setup/teardown
--nf, --new-first run tests from new files first, then the rest of the tests sorted by file mtime
--cache-show=[CACHESHOW]
show cache contents, don't perform collection or tests. Optional argument: glob (default: '*').
--cache-clear remove all cache contents at start of test run.
--lfnf={all,none}, --last-failed-no-failures={all,none}
which tests to run with no previously (known) failures.
--sw, --stepwise exit on test failure and continue from last failing test next time
--stepwise-skip ignore the first failing test but stop on the next failing test
reporting:
--durations=N show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0 for all).
-v, --verbose increase verbosity.
-q, --quiet decrease verbosity.
--verbosity=VERBOSE set verbosity. Default is 0.
-r chars show extra test summary info as specified by chars: (f)ailed, (E)rror, (s)kipped, (x)failed, (X)passed, (p)assed, (P)assed with output, (a)ll except passed (p/P), or (A)ll. (w)arnings are enabled by default
(see --disable-warnings), 'N' can be used to reset the list. (default: 'fE').
--disable-warnings, --disable-pytest-warnings
disable warnings summary
-l, --showlocals show locals in tracebacks (disabled by default).
--tb=style traceback print mode (auto/long/short/line/native/no).
--show-capture={no,stdout,stderr,log,all}
Controls how captured stdout/stderr/log is shown on failed tests. Default is 'all'.
--full-trace don't cut any tracebacks (default is to cut).
--color=color color terminal output (yes/no/auto).
--pastebin=mode send failed|all info to bpaste.net pastebin service.
--junit-xml=path create junit-xml style report file at given path.
--junit-prefix=str prepend prefix to classnames in junit-xml output
--result-log=path DEPRECATED path for machine-readable result log.
collection:
--collect-only, --co only collect tests, don't execute them.
--pyargs try to interpret all arguments as python packages.
--ignore=path ignore path during collection (multi-allowed).
--ignore-glob=path ignore path pattern during collection (multi-allowed).
--deselect=nodeid_prefix
deselect item (via node id prefix) during collection (multi-allowed).
--confcutdir=dir only load conftest.py's relative to specified dir.
--noconftest Don't load any conftest.py files.
--keep-duplicates Keep duplicate tests.
--collect-in-virtualenv
Don't ignore tests in a local virtualenv directory
--doctest-modules run doctests in all .py modules
--doctest-report={none,cdiff,ndiff,udiff,only_first_failure}
choose another output format for diffs on doctest failure
--doctest-glob=pat doctests file matching pattern, default: test*.txt
--doctest-ignore-import-errors
ignore doctest ImportErrors
--doctest-continue-on-failure
for a given doctest, continue to run after the first failure
test session debugging and configuration:
--basetemp=dir base temporary directory for this test run.(warning: this directory is removed if it exists)
-V, --version display pytest version and information about plugins.
-h, --help show help message and configuration info
-p name early-load given plugin module name or entry point (multi-allowed). To avoid loading of plugins, use the `no:` prefix, e.g. `no:doctest`.
--trace-config trace considerations of conftest.py files.
--debug store internal tracing debug information in 'pytestdebug.log'.
-o OVERRIDE_INI, --override-ini=OVERRIDE_INI
override ini option with "option=value" style, e.g. `-o xfail_strict=True -o cache_dir=cache`.
--assert=MODE Control assertion debugging tools. 'plain' performs no assertion debugging. 'rewrite' (the default) rewrites assert statements in test modules on import to provide assert expression information.
--setup-only only setup fixtures, do not execute tests.
--setup-show show setup of fixtures while executing tests.
--setup-plan show what fixtures and tests would be executed but don't execute anything.
pytest-warnings:
-W PYTHONWARNINGS, --pythonwarnings=PYTHONWARNINGS
set which warnings to report, see -W option of python itself.
logging:
--no-print-logs disable printing caught logs on failed tests.
--log-level=LEVEL level of messages to catch/display. Not set by default, so it depends on the root/parent log handler's effective level, where it is "WARNING" by default.
--log-format=LOG_FORMAT
log format as used by the logging module.
--log-date-format=LOG_DATE_FORMAT
log date format as used by the logging module.
--log-cli-level=LOG_CLI_LEVEL
cli logging level.
--log-cli-format=LOG_CLI_FORMAT
log format as used by the logging module.
--log-cli-date-format=LOG_CLI_DATE_FORMAT
log date format as used by the logging module.
--log-file=LOG_FILE path to a file when logging will be written to.
--log-file-level=LOG_FILE_LEVEL
log file logging level.
--log-file-format=LOG_FILE_FORMAT
log format as used by the logging module.
--log-file-date-format=LOG_FILE_DATE_FORMAT
log date format as used by the logging module.
--log-auto-indent=LOG_AUTO_INDENT
Auto-indent multiline messages passed to the logging module. Accepts true|on, false|off or an integer.
[pytest] ini-options in the first pytest.ini|tox.ini|setup.cfg file found:
markers (linelist): markers for test functions
empty_parameter_set_mark (string):
default marker for empty parametersets
norecursedirs (args): directory patterns to avoid for recursion
testpaths (args): directories to search for tests when no files or directories are given in the command line.
usefixtures (args): list of default fixtures to be used with this project
python_files (args): glob-style file patterns for Python test module discovery
python_classes (args):
prefixes or glob names for Python test class discovery
python_functions (args):
prefixes or glob names for Python test function and method discovery
disable_test_id_escaping_and_forfeit_all_rights_to_community_support (bool):
disable string escape non-ascii characters, might cause unwanted side effects(use at your own risk)
console_output_style (string):
console output: "classic", or with additional progress information ("progress" (percentage) | "count").
xfail_strict (bool): default for the strict parameter of xfail markers when not given explicitly (default: False)
enable_assertion_pass_hook (bool):
Enables the pytest_assertion_pass hook.Make sure to delete any previously generated pyc cache files.
junit_suite_name (string):
Test suite name for JUnit report
junit_logging (string):
Write captured log messages to JUnit report: one of no|log|system-out|system-err|out-err|all
junit_log_passing_tests (bool):
Capture log information for passing tests to JUnit report:
junit_duration_report (string):
Duration time to report: one of total|call
junit_family (string):
Emit XML for schema: one of legacy|xunit1|xunit2
doctest_optionflags (args):
option flags for doctests
doctest_encoding (string):
encoding used for doctest files
cache_dir (string): cache directory path.
filterwarnings (linelist):
Each line specifies a pattern for warnings.filterwarnings. Processed after -W/--pythonwarnings.
log_print (bool): default value for --no-print-logs
log_level (string): default value for --log-level
log_format (string): default value for --log-format
log_date_format (string):
default value for --log-date-format
log_cli (bool): enable log display during test run (also known as "live logging").
log_cli_level (string):
default value for --log-cli-level
log_cli_format (string):
default value for --log-cli-format
log_cli_date_format (string):
default value for --log-cli-date-format
log_file (string): default value for --log-file
log_file_level (string):
default value for --log-file-level
log_file_format (string):
default value for --log-file-format
log_file_date_format (string):
default value for --log-file-date-format
log_auto_indent (string):
default value for --log-auto-indent
faulthandler_timeout (string):
Dump the traceback of all threads if a test takes more than TIMEOUT seconds to finish. Not available on Windows.
addopts (args): extra command line options
minversion (string): minimally required pytest version
environment variables:
PYTEST_ADDOPTS extra command line options
PYTEST_PLUGINS comma-separated plugins to load during startup
PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD set to disable plugin auto-loading
PYTEST_DEBUG set to enable debug tracing of pytest's internals
to see available markers type: pytest --markers
to see available fixtures type: pytest --fixtures
(shown according to specified file_or_dir or current dir if not specified; fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with the '-v' option
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> 如果要查看pytest的详细介绍，则可以执行的命令如下：
显示版本信息、主页信息、作者信息、版权信息、安装位置信息、关联包信息等。
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning> pip show pytest
Name: pytest
Version: 5.4.1
Summary: pytest: simple powerful testing with Python
Home-page: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
Author: Holger Krekel, Bruno Oliveira, Ronny Pfannschmidt, Floris Bruynooghe, Brianna Laugher, Florian Bruhin and others
Author-email: None
License: MIT license
Location: c:\users\guoliang\appdata\local\programs\python\python37\lib\site-packages
Requires: importlib-metadata, attrs, packaging, pluggy, wcwidth, atomicwrites, more-itertools, colorama, py
Required-by:
PS D:\SynologyDrive\CodeLearning\WIN\pytest_learning>
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